HIV/AIDS

Overview

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After infection, HIV targets and weakens the immune system. This makes an individual susceptible to serious infections and cancers, leading to the condition known as AIDS. Once contracted, the virus remains in the body permanently^[1].  

Causes of HIV/AIDS

HIV is transmitted from one person to another through specific body fluids, including blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The virus can spread when these fluids come into contact with mucous membranes, such as those inside the mouth, penis, vagina, or rectum, with damaged tissue, or directly into the bloodstream through injection. HIV is not spread through sweat, saliva, or urine^[1]. 

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS symptoms depend on the stages and will worsen over time^[2].  Sometimes, the symptoms aren't apparent, so getting tested is crucial if you feel you may have been in direct body contact with someone likely to carry HIV, even if you feel normal. HIV has three stages/phases:

First Stage: Acute HIV

During the primary infection phase, also known as acute HIV, some people experience a flu-like illness within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the body. This stage can last from a few days to several weeks, and some individuals may not have any symptoms at all. Possible symptoms include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Joint pain
• Rash
• Sore throat
• Painful mouth sores
• Swollen lymph glands (especially in the neck)
• Diarrhoea
• Weight loss
• Cough
• and Night sweats. 

These symptoms might be so mild that they go unnoticed. However, the amount of viruses in the bloodstream is high during this time, making it easier for the infection to spread to others than it is during the next stage.

Second Stage: Chronic stage/clinical latency

In the chronic stage of HIV, the virus multiplies at low levels. Symptoms may not show in this stage, but remember that you can still transmit the virus to others, even if you’re symptom-free^[3]. 

Third Stage: AIDS

AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, where the virus has significantly compromised your immune system, making you more susceptible to opportunistic infections. These are infections that a healthy immune system could normally resist. With AIDS, your weakened defences allow these illnesses to take hold. You're also at a higher risk for certain cancers, which, along with these infections, are known as AIDS-defining illnesses^[4].

How can I find out if I have HIV?

To determine if you have HIV, you can't rely on appearance or symptoms, as they may not be present. The only way to know for sure is by taking an HIV test. Since about 1 in 7 people with HIV are unaware of their status, the CDC advises that individuals aged 13 to 64 undergo screening at least once as part of routine healthcare. This test is both voluntary and confidential^[4].

Is There a Cure for HIV?

Currently, there's no cure for HIV, but various treatments can significantly slow its progression. 

HIV/AIDS and TCIH Approaches

It's essential to note that while these complementary therapies can alleviate certain symptoms and improve quality of life, they do not cure HIV/AIDS and should be used alongside conventional antiretroviral treatments.​

Mind-Body Practices

Therapies such as yoga, meditation, and massage therapy have been shown to offer significant benefits for individuals living with HIV/AIDS^[5]:

• Yoga: Engaging in yoga can enhance overall health, reduce anxiety and depression, and has been associated with improvements in immune function, including increased CD4 cell counts^[6]. 
• Meditation: Regular meditation practices can help reduce stress and anxiety, promoting mental well-being for those managing chronic conditions like HIV. ​
• Massage Therapy: This therapy can alleviate pain, reduce stress, and improve overall quality of life, addressing both physical discomfort and emotional strain. ​

Acupuncture

As a component of Traditional Chinese Medicine, acupuncture involves inserting thin needles into specific body points to balance energy flow. For individuals with HIV/AIDS, acupuncture has been found to help manage symptoms such as nausea, pain, and peripheral neuropathy, which are common side effects of antiretroviral therapy^[7]. ​

Nutritional Supplements

Certain nutritional supplements may support the health of those living with HIV/AIDS^[8]:​

• Whey Protein: Supplementing with whey protein has been associated with weight gain and improved nutritional status in individuals experiencing HIV-related weight loss. 
• Amino Acids: Amino acids like L-glutamine and L-arginine may assist in preserving muscle mass and supporting immune function. ​

Cautions with Herbal Supplements

While some herbal supplements are popular among individuals with HIV/AIDS, caution is advised due to potential interactions with antiretroviral medications^[8]:​

• St. John's Wort: Commonly used for depression, this herb can significantly reduce the effectiveness of certain HIV medications and is generally not recommended. ​
• Garlic Supplements: Although garlic has immune-boosting properties, concentrated garlic supplements can interfere with HIV treatments. Consuming garlic in food is considered safe. ​

Integrating complementary therapies such as yoga, meditation, massage therapy, acupuncture, and specific nutritional supplements can provide symptom relief and enhance the quality of life for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. However, it's crucial to consult healthcare providers before starting any new therapy to ensure safety and prevent potential interactions with ongoing treatments. These complementary approaches should be viewed as adjuncts to, not replacements for, conventional antiretroviral therapy.